🌎 Geography Optional Syllabus 🌎
PAPER I – PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY (Part -A)
1️⃣ Geomorphology
2️⃣ Climatology
3️⃣ Oceanography
4️⃣ Biogeography
5️⃣ Environmental Geography
PAPER I – PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY (Part -B)
1️⃣ Perspectives in Human Geography
2️⃣ Economic Geography
3️⃣ Population and Settlement Geography
4️⃣ Regional Planning
5️⃣ Models, Theories and Laws in Human Geography
PAPER II – GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA
1️⃣ Physical Setting
2️⃣ Resources
3️⃣ Agriculture
4️⃣ Industry
5️⃣ Transport, Communication, and Trade
6️⃣ Cultural Setting
7️⃣ Settlements
8️⃣ Regional Development and Planning
9️⃣ Political Aspects
🔟 Contemporary Issues
Geography Optional Details Syllabus
🚀 Geography Optional Syllabus – Paper-1 🚀
🏝 Physical Geography 🏝
🗺 Geomorphology 🗺
Factors controlling landform development; endogenetic and exogenetic forces; Origin and evolution of the earth’s crust; Fundamentals of geomagnetism; Physical conditions of the earth’s interior; Geosynclines; Continental drift; Isostasy; Plate tectonics; Recent views on mountain building; Vulcanicity; Earthquakes and Tsunamis; Concepts of geomorphic cycles and Landscape development ; Denudation chronology; Channel morphology; Erosion surfaces; Slope development ; Applied Geomorphology : Geohydrology, economic geology and environment.
🗺 Sub Topics of Geomorphology 🗺
🪐📁 ✔ लार्ड केल्विन की गैसीयनाब्युला परिकल्पना (Gaseous Nebular Hypothesis by – Lords kelvins)
🪐📁 ✔ एफoबीo टेलर का महाद्वीपीय प्रवाह (Continental drift theory by F. B. TAYLOR )
🪐📁 ✔ वेगनर का महाद्वीपीय प्रवाह (Continental drift theory by WEGENER)
🪐📁 ✔ भुसन्नत्ति पर्वतोत्पत्ति सिद्धांत- कोबर (Geosyncline Orogen theory – KOBER)
🪐📁 ✔ संवाहनीय तरंग सिद्धान्त ( Convectional Current Theory)
🪐📁 ✔ पृथ्वी की गतियाँ (Earth movements)
🪐📁 ✔ प्लेट विवर्तनिकी और पृथ्वी की बड़ी छोटी प्लेटें (Plate Tectonic & major and minor plate of the earth)
🪐📁 ✔ रचनात्मक प्लेट किनारा (Constructive plate Margin)
🪐📁 ✔ विनाशात्मक प्लेट किनारा (Destructive Plate Margin)
🪐📁 ✔ संरक्षी प्लेट किनारा (Conservative Plate Margin)
🪐📁 ✔ अफ़्रीकी – एशियाई भ्रंश में नव- विवर्तनिकी (Neo- TECTONICS IN AFRO- ASIAN GREAT RIFT)
🪐📁 ✔ पृथ्वी का अन्तराल (INTERIOR OF THE EARTH)
🪐📁 ✔ पृथ्वी की आतंरिक संरचना (INTERNAL STRUCTURE Of THE EARTH)
🪐📁 ✔ भू-चुम्बकत्व (Geomagnetism)
🪐📁 ✔ पृथ्वी की भू- गर्भिक संरचना (Geological History of Earth)
🪐📁 ✔ पृथ्वी के भू-पर्पटी को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक (Force Affecting The Earth’s Crust)
🪐📁 ✔ ISOSTASY (समस्थिति- भू-संतुलन ) | AIRY-1855 | ARCHDEACON PRATT- 1859
🪐📁 ✔ भूकम्प (भूकम्प विज्ञान) EARTHQUAKE (SEISMOLOGY)
🪐📁 ✔ भूकंप की अभियांत्रिकी (Mechanism of Earthquake)
🪐📁 ✔ भूकंप के मुख्य प्रभाव (Main Impact of Earthquake)
🪐📁 ✔ भूकंप पूर्वानुमान (Earthquake: – Prediction/ Forecasting)
🪐📁 ✔ भूकम्पीय तरंगे (SEISMIC WAVES)
🪐📁 ✔ ज्वालामुखीयता (उद्दगार के प्रकार)| Volcanism (Type of Eruption)
🪐📁 ✔ ज्वालामुखी स्थलरूप (Volcanic Landforms)
🪐📁 ✔ सुनामी (TSUNAMIS)
🪐📁 ✔ चट्टान (ROCKS) | Defination
🪐📁 ✔ चट्टान के प्रकार, चट्टान चक्र, भू-तत्व चक्र |TYPES OF ROCK,ROCK CYCLE,GEO-MATERIAL CYCLE
🪐📁 ✔ वेंटवर्थ मापक (WENTWORTH SCALE)
🪐📁 ✔अपक्षय (WEATHERING)
🪐📁 ✔ अपरदन चक्र (CYCLE OF EROSION) – By- W.M. DEVIS
🪐📁 ✔ भू-दृश्य का विकास (अपरदन चक्र) | LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION (Cycle of Erosion)
🪐📁 ✔ अपरदन चक्र में बाँधा (INTERRUPTION IN CYCLE OF EROSION)
🪐📁 ✔ जलीय प्रक्रम एवं स्थलरुप (FLUVIAL PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS)
🪐📁 ✔ अपरदनात्मक सतहें (EROSIONAL SURFACES)
🪐📁 ✔ अनाच्छादन कालानुक्रम (DENUDATION CHRONOLOGY )
🪐📁 ✔ ढाल विकास (SLOPE DEVELOPMENT)
🪐📁 ✔ ढाल विकास के मॉडल (MODELS OF SLOPE DEVELOPMENT)
🪐📁 ✔अर्द्ध- शुष्क स्थलाकृतियाँ (SEMI- ARID LANDFORMS)
🪐📁 ✔ सरिता अपहरण (STREAM CAPTURE/ RIVER CAPTURE / STREAM PIRACY /RIVER PIRACY )
🪐📁 ✔ घाटी का सीधा किया जाना / पुन:विसर्पण (VALLEY STRAIGHTENING / REMEANDERING
🪐📁 ✔ गाँव का ऊँचा और घाटी का गहरा किया जाना (RAISING OF VILLAGE & VALLEY DREDGING)
🪐📁 ✔ अपवाह प्रतिरूप (DRAINAGE PATTERN)
🪐📁 ✔ नदी अपरदन से बचाव की विशेषताएँ (Project to Protect From River Erosion)
🪐📁 ✔ घाटी, नदी, चैनल और धारा (VALLEY, RIVER, CHANNEL AND STREAM)
🪐📁 ✔ सरिता अकारिकी (CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY)
🪐📁 ✔ हिमानी भू-आकृति विज्ञान (GLACIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY)
🪐📁 ✔ हिमानी प्रक्रम और स्थलरुप (GLACIAL PROCESS AND LANDFORMS)
🪐📁 ✔ परिहिमानी प्रक्रम और स्थलाकृति (Peri- Glacial Processes & Landforms)
🪐📁 ✔ समुद्री प्रक्रम और स्थलरुप ( Marine Processes & Landforms)
🪐📁 ✔ बर्फ- शेल्फ और बर्फ बर्ग और यूट्रोफिकेशन (ICE- SHELF AND ICE BERG AND EUTROPHICATION )
🪐📁 ✔ तट और किनारा (COAST AND SHORE)
🪐📁 ✔ भू- पर्पटी (CRUST) Introduction, Definition & Importance
🪐📁 ✔ चुनापत्थर (कार्स्ट) स्थलाकृतियाँ (Karst Topography)
🪐📁 ✔भू-स्खलन (LANDSLIDE/ LANDSLIP)
🪐📁 ✔ हिम-शिला स्खलन (AVALANCHE OR SNOWSLIDE)
🪐📁 ✔ विश्व स्थलरुप क्रम (World Landform Order)
🪐📁 ✔ स्थलरुप वर्गीकरण (LANDFORMS CLASSIFICATION (GAME)
🪐📁 ✔ जलीय प्रक्रमएवं प्रवाह क्षेत्र (FLUVIAL PROCESS AND DRAINAGE BASIN)
🪐📁 ✔ हिमानीकरण (GLACIATION)
🪐📁 ✔ उच्चावच के प्रकार (TYPE OF RELIEF)
🪐📁 ✔ आर्थिक भू- गर्भ विज्ञान एवं पर्यावरण (Economic Geology and Environment)
🌦 Climatology 🌦
Temperature and pressure belts of the world; Heat budget of the earth; Atmospheric circulation; atmospheric stability and instability. Planetary and local winds; Monsoons and jet streams; Air masses and frontogenesis, Temperate and tropical cyclones; Types and distribution of precipitation; Weather and Climate; Koppen’s, Thornthwaite’s and Trewartha’s classification of world climates; Hydrological cycle; Global climatic change and role and response of man in climatic changes, Applied climatology and Urban climate.
🌩 Sub Topics of Climatology 🌩
🌄🌡✔ Climatology and Atmospheric Science Intro
🌄🌡✔ INSOLATION (सूर्यातप)
🌄🌡✔ STRUCTURE or LAYER or STRATA of ATMOSPHERE (वायुमंडल की संरचना या परत या स्तर)
🌄🌡✔ Layers of Ionosphere & Their Importance
🌄🌡✔ Composition of Atmosphere and Nitrogen Cycle
🌄🌡✔ TEMPERATURE (तापमान)
🌄🌡✔ DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE (तापमान का वितरण)
🌄🌡✔ TEMPERATURE (WORLD ISOTHERMS)
🌄🌡✔ ऊष्मा बजट (Heat Budget)
🌄🌡✔ ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE (वायुमंडलीय दबाव)
🌄🌡✔ SHIFTING OF PRESSURE BELT (वायुदाब पेटियों का स्थानांतरण)
🌄🌡✔ WORLD PRESSURE BELT (विश्व वायुदाब पेटी)
🌄🌡✔ ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY & INSTABILITY (वायुमंडलीय स्थिरता एवं अस्थिरता)
🌄🌡✔ WIND (पवन)
🌄🌡✔ LOCAL WIND (स्थानीय पवन)
🌄🌡✔ WORLD LOCAL WIND (विश्व स्थानीय पवन)
🌄🌡✔ Atmospheric Dust (वायुमंडलीय धूलकण)
🌄🌡✔ WATER VAPOUR (जलवाष्प)
🌄🌡✔ HUMIDITY (आर्द्रता)
🌄🌡✔ CLOUD (बादल) // Classification, Type and Importance
🌄🌡✔ PRECIPITATION (Gaseous) / वर्षण (गैसीय)
🌄🌡✔ PRECIPITATION (Liquid) / वर्षण (द्रव)
🌄🌡✔ PRECIPITATION (Solid) /वर्षण (ठोस)
🌄🌡✔ ARTIFICIAL RAIN (कृत्रिम वर्षा)
🌄🌡✔ JET STREAM (जेट धारा)
🌄🌡✔ Tri – Cellular Meridianal Circulation (TCMC)
🌄🌡✔ THUNDERSTORM (झंझावत)
🌄🌡✔ AIRMASS (वायुराशि)
🌄🌡✔ Cyclone & Anti-Cyclone
🌄🌡✔ Tropical Cyclone in India
🌄🌡✔ Temperate Cyclone
🌄🌡✔ Tropical Cyclone
🌄🌡✔ Anticyclone (प्रतिचक्रवात)
🌄🌡✔ CLIMATIC BELT AND SUB BELTS
🌄🌡✔ Koppen’s Classification
🌄🌡✔ Thornthwait’s Climatic Classification
🌄🌡✔ Trewartha’s Classification of World Climate
🌄🌡✔ WORLD’S MAJOR CLIMATIC ZONE
🌄🌡✔ WORLD’S MAJOR CLIMATIC ZONE
🌄🌡✔ WORLD’S MAJOR CLIMATIC ZONE
🌄🌡✔ Ground Water (भूमिगत जल)
🌄🌡✔ Hydrological Cycle (जल चक्र)
🌄🌡✔ CLIMATE CHANGE (जलवायु परिवर्तन )
🌄🌡✔ Weather Forecast (मौसम पूर्वानुमान )
🌄🌡✔ Origin & Onset of Indian Monsoon in Hindi
🌄🌡✔ Mechanism of South West Monsoon (Arabian Sea Branch)
🌄🌡✔ Theories Of Monsoon II
🌄🌡✔ Mechanism of South West Monsoon (Bay of Bengal)
🌄🌡✔ Factors Affecting Indian Monsoon
🌄🌡✔ Impact of Monsoon (Recent Trends) मानसून का प्रभाव तथा अभिनव प्रवृत्तियां
🌄🌡✔ Monsoon Retreat (Winter Monsoon)
🌄🌡✔ EL-Nino Effect On Indian Monsoon
🌄🌡✔ EL-Nino & La-Nina Episode
🌄🌡✔ Carbon Di-Oxide (CO2) & Global Warming
🌄🌡✔ Ozone Layer Depletion (ओजोन परत विनाश)
🌄🌡✔ URBAN CLIMATE (नगरीय जलवायु)
🌄🌡✔ APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY (व्यावहारिक जलवायु विज्ञान)
🐬Oceanography🐬
Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; Temperature and salinity of the oceans; Heat and salt budgets, Ocean deposits; Waves, currents and tides; Marine resources: biotic, mineral and energy resources; Coral reefs, coral bleaching; sea-level changes; law of the sea and marine pollution.
🚣♀️ Subtopics of Oceanography 🚣♀️
🚢🌪 ✔ समुद्र विज्ञान (Oceangraphy / Oceanology / Hydrosphere / Hydrology)
🚢🌪 ✔ महासागरों की उत्पत्ति एवं विकास ( Origin and Evolution of Oceans – Paleoceanography)
🚢🌪 ✔ जल विज्ञान ( Hydrology / Hydrosphere)
🚢🌪 ✔ महासागर नितल उच्चावच (OCEAN BOTTOM RELIEF)
🚢🌪 ✔ प्रशांत महासागर के नितल उच्चावच (BOTTOM RELIEF OF PACIFIC OCEAN)
🚢🌪 ✔ अटलांटिक महासागर के नितल उच्चावच (BOTTOM RELIEF OF ATLANTIC OCEAN)
🚢🌪 ✔ हिन्द महासागर की नितल उच्चावच (BOTTOM RELIEF OF INDIAN OCEAN)
🚢🌪 ✔ उच्चतामिति या उच्चतादर्शी वक्र (Hypsometric or Hypsographic Curve)
🚢🌪 ✔ लवणता (Salinity) क्या है | What is Salinity|
🚢🌪 ✔ प्रशांत महासागर की धाराएँ ( Current of Pacific Ocean)
🚢🌪 ✔ अटलांटिक महासागर की धाराएँ (Current of Atlantic Ocean)
🚢🌪 ✔ महासागरीय धाराएँ (OCEANIC CURRENTS)
🚢🌪 ✔ महासागरीय जल का तापमान (Temperature of Oceanic Water)
🚢🌪 ✔ महासागर के जल की गतियाँ (Ocean Water Movement)
🚢🌪 ✔ हिन्द महासागर की धाराएँ (CURRENTS OF INDIAN OCEAN)
🚢🌪 ✔ समुद्र तल में परिवर्तन (SEA- LEVEL CHANGE)
🚢🌪 ✔ ज्वार (TIDE) Meaning, Introduction & Impact
🚢🌪 ✔ महासागरीय निक्षेप (Oceanic Deposits) Meaning, Introduction & Impact
🚢🌪 ✔ प्रवाल निक्षेप ( CORAL DEPOSITS )
🚢🌪 ✔ समुद्र के नियम (Law of The Sea)
🚢🌪 ✔ महासागरीय संसाधन एवं उसके उपयोग (MARINE RESOURCES AND THEIR USE)
🚢🌪 ✔ समुद्री प्रदुषण (MARINE POLLUTION)
🚢🌪 ✔ प्रवाल विरंजन (CORAL BLEACHING)
🚢🌪 ✔ व्यावहारिक महासागरीय विज्ञान (APPLIED OCEANOGRAPHY)
🌲 Biogeography 🌲
Genesis of soils; Classification and distribution of soils; Soil profile; Soil erosion, Degradation, and conservation; Factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals; Problems of deforestation and conservation measures; Social forestry; agro-forestry; Wildlife; Major gene pool centers.
🌵 Subtopics of Biogeography 🌵
🌳🍃 ✔ जीव भूगोल (BIOGEOGRAPHY)
🌳🍃 ✔ मृदा उत्पत्ति (Soil Genesis)
🌳🍃 ✔ मृदा के गुण (Soil Properties)
🌳🍃 ✔ मृदा की अम्लता और क्षारीयता (Soil Acidity and Alkalinity)
🌳🍃 ✔ मृदा का वर्गीकरण (Soil Classification)
🌳🍃 ✔ जैविक अनुक्रम (BIOTIC SUCCESSION)
🌳🍃 ✔ वनस्पति और जीवों के वितरण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक
🌳🍃 ✔ मानसून जियोम (Monsoon Biome)
🌳🍃 ✔ सवाना जियोम (Savana Biome)
🌳🍃 ✔ मृदा अपरदन, अवनयन और संरक्षण (SOIL EROSION, DEGRADATION AND CONSERVATION)
🌳🍃 ✔ मृदा परिच्छेदिका (Soil Profile)
🌳🍃 ✔ वन्य जीव और प्रमुख जीन पूल केंद्र (WILD- LIFE AND MAJOR GENE POOL CENTER)
🌳🍃 ✔ विश्व वनस्पति (World Vegetation)
🌳🍃 ✔ वननाशनकी समस्या एवं संरक्षण (PROBLEM OF DEFORESTATION & CONSERVATION)
🌳🍃 ✔ कृषिवानिकी {AGROFORESTRY- (Agro- Silvi- Culture or Tree on Farm)
🌳🍃 ✔ जियोम (BIOME)
🧶 Environmental Geography 🧶
Principle of ecology; Human ecological adaptations; Influence of man on ecology and environment; Global and regional ecological changes and imbalances; Ecosystem their management and conservation; Environmental degradation, management, and conservation; Biodiversity and sustainable development; Environmental policy; Environmental hazards and remedial measures; Environmental education and legislation.
🔥 Subtopics of environment Geography 🔥
🏜 🌅✔ पर्यावरणीय भूगोल (Environmental Geography)
🏜 🌅✔ पारिस्थितिकी के सिद्धांत (Principle Of Ecology)
🏜 🌅✔ ऊर्जा प्रवाह (ENERGY FLOW OR CALORIFIC FLOW)
🏜 🌅✔ जल चक्र (परिसंचरण) | Water Circulation
🏜 🌅✔ (जैव- भू- रसायन चक्र) Bio- Geo- Chemical Cycle
🏜 🌅✔ पर्यावरण, पारिस्थितिकी और पारिस्थितिक तंत्र (Environment, Ecology & Ecosystem)
🏜 🌅✔ Environment, Ecology & Ecosystem |
🏜 🌅✔ पारिस्थितिक तंत्र के प्रकार (Type of Ecosystem)
🏜 🌅✔ भू- आकृतिक प्रक्रियाएँ तथा पारिस्थिक तंत्र (Geomorphic Process and Ecosystem)
🏜 🌅✔ जैविक समुदाय और मिट्टी (Biotic Community and Soil)
🏜 🌅✔ मानव परिस्थितिक अनुकूलन (Human Ecological Adaptation)
🏜 🌅✔ जैव विविधता और सतत विकास (BIO- DIVERSITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT)
🏜 🌅✔ ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD AND REMEDIAL MEASURES
🏜 🌅✔ पर्यावरणीय नीति (Environment Policy)
🏜 🌅✔ पर्यावरणीय शिक्षा ( ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION )
🏜 🌅✔ INFLUENCE OF MAN ON ECOLOGY, GLOBE AND REGIONAL ECOLOGICAL IMBALANCE ECOSYSTEM THEIR MANAGEMENT
🏰 Human Geography 🏰
⚜ Perspectives in Human Geography ⚜
Areal differentiation; regional synthesis; Dichotomy and dualism; Environmentalism; Quantitative revolution and locational analysis; radical, behavioral, human and welfare approaches; Languages, religions, and secularization; Cultural regions of the world; Human development index.
⚜ Subtopics of environment Geography ⚜
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Areal Differentiation in Geographical Thought
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Dualism In Geographical Thought | Dichotomy in Geography
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Quantitative Revolution in Geographical Thought
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Locational Analysis in Geographical Thought
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Regional Synthesis in Geographical Thought
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Environmentalism
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Paradigms In Geography | Geographical Thought | Kuhn’s Model | Human Geography
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Positivism In Geographical Thought | August Comte’s Principles
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Behaviouralism In Geographical Thought
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Marxism In Geographical Thought
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Radicalism In Geographical Thought
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Structuralism In Geographical Thought
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Humanism In Geographical Thought
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Pragmatism In Geographical Thought
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Existentialism In Geographical Thought |
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Idealism In Geographical Thought
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Realism In Geographical Thought
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Welfare Approach in Geographical Thought
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Feminism In Geographical Thought
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Postmodernism In Geographical Thought
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Time Geography | Torsten Hagerstrand’s Model
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ System Analysis in Human Geography | Systems Approach
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Functionalism In Geographical Thought
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Spatial Organization in Geographical Thought
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Changing Philosophy of Geography and Concept of Space |Future of Geography
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Nature And Scope of Human Geography
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Language, Religion and Secularization
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Cultural Regions of The World
🧠🤷♂️ ✔ Human Development Index (Hdi)
📊 Economic Geography 📊
World economic development: measurement and problems; World resources and their distribution; Energy crisis; the limits to growth; World agriculture: typology of agricultural regions; agricultural inputs and productivity; Food and nutrition problems; Food security; famine: causes, effects and remedies; World industries: locational patterns and problems; patterns of world trade.
🚊 Subtopics of Economic Geography 🚊
🏭 🪑 ✔ Nature and Scope of Economic Geography
🏭 🪑 ✔ World Economic Development: Measurement and Problems
🏭 🪑 ✔ Factors affecting the location of economic activities-
🏭 🪑 ✔ Primary Activities- Economic Geography-
🏭 🪑 ✔ Secondary Activities (Manufacturing)
🏭 🪑 ✔ Tertiary Activities -Quaternary & Quinary Activities
🏭 🪑 ✔ Manufacturing Regions- Industrial Regions
🏭 🪑 ✔ Special Economic Zones &Technology Parks- Economic Geography
👨👩👦👦 Population and Settlement Geography 👨👩👦👦
Growth and distribution of world population; demographic attributes; Causes and consequences of migration; concepts of the over-under-and optimum population; Population theories, world population problems and policies, Social well-being and quality of life; Population as social capital. Types and patterns of rural settlements; Environmental issues in rural settlements; Hierarchy of urban settlements; Urban morphology: Concepts of primate city and rank-size rule; Functional classification of towns; Sphere of urban influence; Rural-urban fringe; Satellite towns; Problems and remedies of urbanization; Sustainable development of cities.
🪔 Subtopics of Population and Settlement Geography 🪔
👨👧👧 🏰 ✔ Growth and distribution of world population
👨👧👧 🏰 ✔ demographic attributes
👨👧👧 🏰 ✔ Causes and consequences of migration
👨👧👧 🏰 ✔ concepts of the over-under-and optimum population
👨👧👧 🏰 ✔ Population theories
👨👧👧 🏰 ✔ world population problems and policies
👨👧👧 🏰 ✔ Social well-being and quality of life
👨👧👧 🏰 ✔ Population as social capital
👨👧👧 🏰 ✔ Types and patterns of rural settlements
👨👧👧 🏰 ✔ Environmental issues in rural settlements
👨👧👧 🏰 ✔ Hierarchy of urban settlements
👨👧👧 🏰 ✔ Urban morphology
👨👧👧 🏰 ✔ Concepts of primate city and rank-size rule
👨👧👧 🏰 ✔ Functional classification of towns
👨👧👧 🏰 ✔ Sphere of urban influence
👨👧👧 🏰 ✔ Rural-urban fringe
👨👧👧 🏰 ✔ Satellite towns
👨👧👧 🏰 ✔ Problems and remedies of urbanization
👨👧👧 🏰 ✔ Sustainable development of cities
🧭 Regional Planning 🧭
Concept of a region; Types of regions and methods of regionalization; Growth centers and growth poles; Regional imbalances; regional development strategies; environmental issues in regional planning; Planning for sustainable development.
🏳🌈 Subtopics of Population and Settlement Geography 🏳🌈
🏗 ☔✔ Concept of a region
🏗 ☔✔ Types of regions and methods of regionalization
🏗 ☔✔ Growth centers and growth poles
🏗 ☔✔ Regional imbalances
🏗 ☔✔ regional development strategies
🏗 ☔✔ environmental issues in regional planning
🏗 ☔✔ Planning for sustainable development
🆕 Models, Theories and Laws in Human Geography 🆕
Systems analysis in Human geography; Malthusian, Marxian and demographic transition models; Central Place theories of Christaller and Losch; Perroux and Boudeville; Von Thunen’s model of agricultural location; Weber’s model of industrial location; Ostov’s model of stages of growth. Heartland and Rimland theories; Laws of international boundaries and frontiers.
🏳🌈 Subtopics of Models, Theories and Laws 🏳🌈
💯🛄✔ Introduction To Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Contribution Of Pre-Greek And Roman Scholars
💯🛄✔ Greek Scholars
💯🛄✔ Roman Scholars
💯🛄✔ Dark Ages In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Contributions Of Arab Geographers
💯🛄✔ Age Of Discovery And Its Impact On Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Contributions Of Varenius And Kant In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Contributions Of Humboldt And Ritter In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ German School Of Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ French School Of Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ British School Of Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ American School Of Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Contributions Of Indian Scholars In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Dualism In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Areal Differentiation In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Quantitative Revolution In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Locational Analysis In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Regional Synthesis In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Environmentalism
💯🛄✔ Evolution Of Cartography
💯🛄✔ Paradigms In Geography
💯🛄✔ Positivism In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Behaviouralism In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Marxism In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Radicalism In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Structuralism In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Humanism In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Pragmatism In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Existentialism In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Idealism In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Realism In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Welfare Approach In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Feminism In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Postmodernism In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Evolution Of Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Time Geography
💯🛄✔ System Analysis In Human Geography
💯🛄✔ Functionalism In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Spatial Organization In Geographical Thought
💯🛄✔ Changing Philosophy Of Geography And Concept Of Space
💯🛄✔ Nature And Scope Of Human Geography
🚀 Geography Optional Syllabus – Paper-2 🚀
🏳🌈 Geography Of India 🏳🌈
🏰Physical Setting 🏰
Space relationship of India with neighboring countries; Structure and relief; Drainage system and watersheds; Physiographic regions; Mechanism of Indian monsoons and rainfall patterns, Tropical cyclones, and western disturbances; Floods and droughts; Climatic regions; Natural vegetation; Soil types and their distributions.
🏳🌈 Subtopics of Physical Setting of Indian Geography 🏳🌈
🏷 📌 Space relationship of India with neighboring countries
🏷 📌Structure and relief
🏷 📌Drainage system and watersheds
🏷 📌Physiographic regions
🏷 📌Mechanism of Indian monsoons and rainfall patterns
🏷 📌Tropical cyclones
🏷 📌Western disturbances
🏷 📌Floods and droughts
🏷 📌Climatic regions
🏷 📌Natural vegetation
🏷 📌Soil types and their distributions
🌉 Resources 🌉
Land, surface and groundwater, energy, minerals, biotic and marine resources; Forest and wildlife resources and their conservation; Energy crisis.
🏳🌈 Subtopics of Resources of Indian Geography 🏳🌈
⛳ ⚖ Land
⛳ ⚖ surface and groundwater
⛳ ⚖ energy
⛳ ⚖ minerals
⛳ ⚖ biotic and marine resources
⛳ ⚖ Forest and wildlife resources and their conservation
⛳ ⚖ Energy crisis.
🥦 Agriculture 🥦
Infrastructure: irrigation, seeds, fertilizers, power; Institutional factors: landholdings, land tenure and land reforms; Cropping pattern, agricultural productivity, agricultural intensity, crop combination, land capability; Agro and social-forestry; Green revolution and its socio-economic and ecological implications; Significance of dry farming; Livestock resources and white revolution; aquaculture; sericulture, apiculture and poultry; agricultural regionalisation; agro-climatic zones; agroecological regions.
🏳🌈 Subtopics of Agriculture of Indian Geography 🏳🌈
⛳ ⚖ Infrastructure
– irrigation
– seeds
– fertilizers
– power
⛳ ⚖ Institutional factors
– landholdings
– land tenure and land reforms
⛳ ⚖ Cropping pattern
⛳ ⚖ agricultural productivity
⛳ ⚖ agricultural intensity
⛳ ⚖ crop combination
⛳ ⚖ land capability
⛳ ⚖ Agro and social-forestry
⛳ ⚖ Green revolution and its socio-economic and ecological implications
⛳ ⚖ Significance of dry farming
⛳ ⚖ Livestock resources and white revolution
⛳ ⚖ aquaculture
⛳ ⚖ sericulture
⛳ ⚖ apiculture and poultry
⛳ ⚖ agricultural regionalisation
⛳ ⚖ agro-climatic zones
⛳ ⚖ agroecological regions
🚂 Industry 🚂
Evolution of industries: Locational factors of cotton, jute, textile, iron and steel, aluminium, fertilizer, paper, chemical and pharmaceutical, automobile, cottage, and agro-based industries; Industrial houses and complexes including public sector undertakings; Industrial rationalisation; New industrial policies; Multinationals and liberalization; Special Economic Zones; Tourism including eco-tourism.
🏳🌈 Subtopics of Industry of Indian Geography 🏳🌈
⛳ ⚖ Evolution of industries:
⛳ ⚖ Locational factors of cotton
– jute
– textile
– iron and steel
– aluminium
– fertilizer
– paper
⛳ ⚖ chemical and pharmaceutical
⛳ ⚖ automobile
⛳ ⚖ cottage
⛳ ⚖ agro-based industries
⛳ ⚖ Industrial houses and complexes including public sector undertakings
⛳ ⚖ Industrial rationalisation
⛳ ⚖ New industrial policies
⛳ ⚖ Multinationals and liberalization
⛳ ⚖ Special Economic Zones
⛳ ⚖ Tourism including eco-tourism
🚇Transport, Communication and Trade 🚇
Road, railway, waterway, airway, and pipeline networks and their complementary roles in regional development; Growing importance of ports on national and foreign trade; Trade balance; Trade Policy; Export processing zones; Developments in communication and information technology and their impacts on economy and society; Indian space programme.
🏳🌈 Subtopics of Transport, Communication and Trade of Indian Geography 🏳🌈
🚗 ✔ Road
🚇✔ railway
🛳 ✔ waterway
✈ ✔ airway
💺 ✔ pipeline networks and their complementary roles in regional development
💺 ✔Growing importance of ports on national and foreign trade
🧫 ✔ Trade balance
🧫 ✔ Trade Policy
🧫 ✔ Export processing zones
🧫 ✔ Developments in communication and information technology and their impacts on economy and society
🧫 ✔ Indian space programme
🌇Cultural Setting 🌇
Historical Perspective of Indian Society: Racial, linguistic and ethnic diversities; religious minorities; major tribes, tribal areas, and their problems; cultural regions; Growth, distribution, and density of population; Demographic attributes: sex-ratio, age structure, literacy rate, work-force, dependency ratio, longevity; migration (inter-regional, intraregional and international) and associated problems; Population problems and policies; Health indicators.
🏳🌈 Subtopics of Cultural Setting of Indian Geography 🏳🌈
🎢✔ Historical Perspective of Indian Society
🎢✔ Racial
🎢✔ linguistic and ethnic diversities
🎢✔ religious minorities
🎢✔ major tribes
🎢✔ tribal areas and their problems
🎢✔ cultural regions
🎢✔ Growth
🎢✔ distribution
🎢✔ density of population
🎢✔ Demographic attributes
🎢✔ sex-ratio
🎢✔ age structure
🎢✔ literacy rate
🎢✔ work-force
🎢✔ dependency ratio
🎢✔ longevity
🎢✔ migration (inter-regional, intraregional and international) and associated problems
🎢✔ Population problems and policies; Health indicators.
🧭 Settlements 🧭
Types, patterns, and morphology of rural settlements; Urban developments; Morphology of Indian cities; Functional classification of Indian cities; Conurbations and metropolitan regions; urban sprawl; Slums and associated problems; town planning; Problems of urbanization and remedies.
🏳🌈 Subtopics of Settlements of Indian Geography 🏳🌈
🏔 ✔ Types
🏔 ✔ patterns
🏔 ✔ and morphology of rural settlements
🏔 ✔ Urban developments
🏔 ✔ Morphology of Indian cities
🏔 ✔ Functional classification of Indian cities
🏔 ✔ Conurbations and metropolitan regions
🏔 ✔ urban sprawl
🏔 ✔ Slums and associated problems
🏔 ✔ town planning
🏔 ✔ Problems of urbanization and remedies
🚅 Regional Development and Planning 🚅
Experience of regional planning in India; Five Year Plans; Integrated rural development programs; Panchayati Raj and decentralized planning; Command area development; Watershed management; Planning for the backward area, desert, drought-prone, hill, tribal area development; multi-level planning; Regional planning and development of island territories.
🏳🌈 Subtopics of Regional Development and Planning of Indian Geography 🏳🌈
🏔 ✔ Experience of regional planning in India
🏔 ✔ Five Year Plans
🏔 ✔ Integrated rural development program
🏔 ✔ Panchayati Raj and decentralized planning
🏔 ✔ Command area development; Watershed management
🏔 ✔ Planning for the backward area
🏔 ✔ desert
🏔 ✔ drought-prone
🏔 ✔ hill
🏔 ✔ tribal area development
🏔 ✔ multi-level planning
🏔 ✔ Regional planning and development of island territories.
⛵ Political Aspects ⛵
Geographical basis of Indian federalism; State reorganization; Emergence of new states; Regional consciousness and inter state issues; international boundary of India and related issues; Cross border terrorism; India’s role in world affairs; Geopolitics of South Asia and Indian Ocean realm.
🏳🌈 Subtopics of Political Aspects of Indian Geography 🏳🌈
🏔 ✔ Geographical basis of Indian federalism
🏔 ✔ State reorganization
🏔 ✔ Emergence of new states
🏔 ✔ Regional consciousness and inter state issues
🏔 ✔ international boundary of India and related issues
🏔 ✔ Cross border terrorism
🏔 ✔ India’s role in world affairs
🏔 ✔ Geopolitics of South Asia and Indian Ocean realm
🥽 Contemporary Issues 🥽
Ecological issues: Environmental hazards: landslides, earthquakes, Tsunamis, floods and droughts, epidemics; Issues relating to environmental pollution; Changes in patterns of land use; Principles of environmental impact assessment and environmental management; Population explosion and food security; Environmental degradation; Deforestation, desertification, and soil erosion; Problems of agrarian and industrial unrest; Regional disparities in economic development; Concept of sustainable growth and development; Environmental awareness; Linkage of rivers; Globalisation and Indian economy.
🏳🌈 Subtopics of Contemporary Issues of Indian Geography 🏳🌈
🏔 ✔ Ecological issues
🏔 ✔ Environmental hazards
🏔 ✔ landslides
🏔 ✔ earthquakes
🏔 ✔ Tsunamis
🏔 ✔ floods and droughts
🏔 ✔ epidemics
🏔 ✔ Issues relating to environmental pollution
🏔 ✔ Changes in patterns of land use
🏔 ✔ Principles of environmental impact assessment and environmental management
🏔 ✔ Population explosion and food security
🏔 ✔ Environmental degradation
🏔 ✔ Deforestation
🏔 ✔ desertification
🏔 ✔ soil erosion
🏔 ✔ Problems of agrarian and industrial unrest
🏔 ✔ Regional disparities in economic development
🏔 ✔ Concept of sustainable growth and development
🏔 ✔ Environmental awareness
🏔 ✔ Linkage of rivers
🏔 ✔ Globalisation and Indian economy