🌎 Geography Optional Syllabus 🌎


PAPER I – PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY (Part -A)

1️⃣ Geomorphology

2️⃣ Climatology

3️⃣ Oceanography

4️⃣ Biogeography

5️⃣ Environmental Geography

PAPER I – PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY (Part -B)

1️⃣ Perspectives in Human Geography

2️⃣ Economic Geography

3️⃣ Population and Settlement Geography

4️⃣ Regional Planning

5️⃣ Models, Theories and Laws in Human Geography

PAPER II – GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA

1️⃣ Physical Setting

2️⃣ Resources

3️⃣ Agriculture

4️⃣ Industry

5️⃣ Transport, Communication, and Trade

6️⃣ Cultural Setting

7️⃣ Settlements

8️⃣ Regional Development and Planning

9️⃣ Political Aspects

🔟 Contemporary Issues

Geography Optional Details Syllabus

 


🚀 Geography Optional Syllabus – Paper-1 🚀


🏝 Physical Geography 🏝


🗺 Geomorphology 🗺 

Factors controlling landform development; endogenetic and exogenetic forces; Origin and evolution of the earth’s crust; Fundamentals of geomagnetism; Physical conditions of the earth’s interior; Geosynclines; Continental drift; Isostasy; Plate tectonics; Recent views on mountain building; Vulcanicity; Earthquakes and Tsunamis; Concepts of geomorphic cycles and Landscape development ; Denudation chronology; Channel morphology; Erosion surfaces; Slope development ; Applied Geomorphology : Geohydrology, economic geology and environment.


🗺 Sub Topics of Geomorphology 🗺 

🪐📁 ✔ लार्ड केल्विन की गैसीयनाब्युला परिकल्पना (Gaseous Nebular Hypothesis by – Lords kelvins)

🪐📁 ✔ एफoबीo टेलर का महाद्वीपीय प्रवाह (Continental drift theory by F. B. TAYLOR )

🪐📁 ✔ वेगनर का महाद्वीपीय प्रवाह (Continental drift theory by WEGENER)

🪐📁 ✔ भुसन्नत्ति पर्वतोत्पत्ति सिद्धांत- कोबर (Geosyncline Orogen theory – KOBER)

🪐📁 ✔  संवाहनीय तरंग सिद्धान्त ( Convectional Current Theory)

🪐📁 ✔ पृथ्वी की गतियाँ (Earth movements)

🪐📁 ✔ प्लेट विवर्तनिकी और पृथ्वी की बड़ी छोटी प्लेटें (Plate Tectonic & major and minor plate of the earth)

🪐📁 ✔ रचनात्मक प्लेट किनारा (Constructive plate Margin)

🪐📁 ✔ विनाशात्मक प्लेट किनारा (Destructive Plate Margin)

🪐📁 ✔  संरक्षी प्लेट किनारा (Conservative Plate Margin)

🪐📁 ✔  अफ़्रीकी – एशियाई भ्रंश में नव- विवर्तनिकी (Neo- TECTONICS IN AFRO- ASIAN GREAT RIFT)

🪐📁 ✔ पृथ्वी का अन्तराल (INTERIOR OF THE EARTH)

🪐📁 ✔ पृथ्वी की आतंरिक संरचना (INTERNAL STRUCTURE Of THE EARTH)

🪐📁 ✔ भू-चुम्बकत्व (Geomagnetism)

🪐📁 ✔ पृथ्वी की भू- गर्भिक संरचना (Geological History of Earth)

🪐📁 ✔ पृथ्वी के भू-पर्पटी को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक (Force Affecting The Earth’s Crust)

🪐📁 ✔ ISOSTASY (समस्थिति- भू-संतुलन ) | AIRY-1855 | ARCHDEACON PRATT- 1859

🪐📁 ✔ भूकम्प (भूकम्प विज्ञान) EARTHQUAKE (SEISMOLOGY)

🪐📁 ✔ भूकंप की अभियांत्रिकी (Mechanism of Earthquake)

🪐📁 ✔ भूकंप के मुख्य प्रभाव (Main Impact of Earthquake)

🪐📁 ✔ भूकंप पूर्वानुमान (Earthquake: – Prediction/ Forecasting)

🪐📁 ✔ भूकम्पीय तरंगे (SEISMIC WAVES)

🪐📁 ✔ ज्वालामुखीयता (उद्दगार के प्रकार)| Volcanism (Type of Eruption)

🪐📁 ✔ ज्वालामुखी स्थलरूप (Volcanic Landforms)

🪐📁 ✔ सुनामी (TSUNAMIS)

🪐📁 ✔ चट्टान (ROCKS) | Defination

🪐📁 ✔ चट्टान के प्रकार, चट्टान चक्र, भू-तत्व चक्र |TYPES OF ROCK,ROCK CYCLE,GEO-MATERIAL CYCLE

🪐📁 ✔ वेंटवर्थ मापक (WENTWORTH SCALE)

🪐📁 ✔अपक्षय (WEATHERING)

🪐📁 ✔ अपरदन चक्र (CYCLE OF EROSION) – By- W.M. DEVIS

🪐📁 ✔ भू-दृश्य का विकास (अपरदन चक्र) | LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION (Cycle of Erosion)

🪐📁 ✔ अपरदन चक्र में बाँधा (INTERRUPTION IN CYCLE OF EROSION)

🪐📁 ✔ जलीय प्रक्रम एवं स्थलरुप (FLUVIAL PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS)

🪐📁 ✔ अपरदनात्मक सतहें (EROSIONAL SURFACES)

🪐📁 ✔ अनाच्छादन कालानुक्रम (DENUDATION CHRONOLOGY )

🪐📁 ✔ ढाल विकास (SLOPE DEVELOPMENT)

🪐📁 ✔ ढाल विकास के मॉडल (MODELS OF SLOPE DEVELOPMENT)

🪐📁 ✔अर्द्ध- शुष्क स्थलाकृतियाँ (SEMI- ARID LANDFORMS)

🪐📁 ✔ सरिता अपहरण (STREAM CAPTURE/ RIVER CAPTURE / STREAM PIRACY /RIVER PIRACY )

🪐📁 ✔ घाटी का सीधा किया जाना / पुन:विसर्पण (VALLEY STRAIGHTENING / REMEANDERING

🪐📁 ✔ गाँव का ऊँचा और घाटी का गहरा किया जाना (RAISING OF VILLAGE & VALLEY DREDGING)

🪐📁 ✔ अपवाह प्रतिरूप (DRAINAGE PATTERN)

🪐📁 ✔ नदी अपरदन से बचाव की विशेषताएँ (Project to Protect From River Erosion)

🪐📁 ✔ घाटी, नदी, चैनल और धारा (VALLEY, RIVER, CHANNEL AND STREAM)

🪐📁 ✔ सरिता अकारिकी (CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY)

🪐📁 ✔ हिमानी भू-आकृति विज्ञान (GLACIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY)

🪐📁 ✔ हिमानी प्रक्रम और स्थलरुप (GLACIAL PROCESS AND LANDFORMS)

🪐📁 ✔ परिहिमानी प्रक्रम और स्थलाकृति (Peri- Glacial Processes & Landforms)

🪐📁 ✔ समुद्री प्रक्रम और स्थलरुप ( Marine Processes & Landforms)

🪐📁 ✔ बर्फ- शेल्फ और बर्फ बर्ग और यूट्रोफिकेशन (ICE- SHELF AND ICE BERG AND EUTROPHICATION )

🪐📁 ✔ तट और किनारा (COAST AND SHORE)

🪐📁 ✔ भू- पर्पटी (CRUST) Introduction, Definition & Importance

🪐📁 ✔ चुनापत्थर (कार्स्ट) स्थलाकृतियाँ (Karst Topography)

🪐📁 ✔भू-स्खलन (LANDSLIDE/ LANDSLIP)

🪐📁 ✔ हिम-शिला स्खलन (AVALANCHE OR SNOWSLIDE)

🪐📁 ✔ विश्व स्थलरुप क्रम (World Landform Order)

🪐📁 ✔ स्थलरुप वर्गीकरण (LANDFORMS CLASSIFICATION (GAME)

🪐📁 ✔ जलीय प्रक्रमएवं प्रवाह क्षेत्र (FLUVIAL PROCESS AND DRAINAGE BASIN)

🪐📁 ✔ हिमानीकरण (GLACIATION)

🪐📁 ✔ उच्चावच के प्रकार (TYPE OF RELIEF)

🪐📁 ✔ आर्थिक भू- गर्भ विज्ञान एवं पर्यावरण (Economic Geology and Environment)

 


🌦 Climatology 🌦

Temperature and pressure belts of the world; Heat budget of the earth; Atmospheric circulation; atmospheric stability and instability. Planetary and local winds; Monsoons and jet streams; Air masses and frontogenesis, Temperate and tropical cyclones; Types and distribution of precipitation; Weather and Climate; Koppen’s, Thornthwaite’s and Trewartha’s classification of world climates; Hydrological cycle; Global climatic change and role and response of man in climatic changes, Applied climatology and Urban climate.


🌩 Sub Topics of Climatology 🌩

🌄🌡✔ Climatology and Atmospheric Science Intro

🌄🌡✔ INSOLATION (सूर्यातप)

🌄🌡✔ STRUCTURE or LAYER or STRATA of ATMOSPHERE (वायुमंडल की संरचना या परत या स्तर)

🌄🌡✔ Layers of Ionosphere & Their Importance

🌄🌡✔ Composition of Atmosphere and Nitrogen Cycle

🌄🌡✔ TEMPERATURE (तापमान)

🌄🌡✔ DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE (तापमान का वितरण)

🌄🌡✔ TEMPERATURE (WORLD ISOTHERMS)

🌄🌡✔ ऊष्मा बजट (Heat Budget)

🌄🌡✔ ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE (वायुमंडलीय दबाव)

🌄🌡✔ SHIFTING OF PRESSURE BELT (वायुदाब पेटियों का स्थानांतरण)

🌄🌡✔ WORLD PRESSURE BELT (विश्व वायुदाब पेटी)

🌄🌡✔ ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY & INSTABILITY (वायुमंडलीय स्थिरता एवं अस्थिरता)

🌄🌡✔ WIND (पवन)

🌄🌡✔ LOCAL WIND (स्थानीय पवन)

🌄🌡✔ WORLD LOCAL WIND (विश्व स्थानीय पवन)

🌄🌡✔ Atmospheric Dust (वायुमंडलीय धूलकण)

🌄🌡✔ WATER VAPOUR (जलवाष्प)

🌄🌡✔ HUMIDITY (आर्द्रता)

🌄🌡✔ CLOUD (बादल) // Classification, Type and Importance

🌄🌡✔ PRECIPITATION (Gaseous) / वर्षण (गैसीय)

🌄🌡✔ PRECIPITATION (Liquid) / वर्षण (द्रव)

🌄🌡✔ PRECIPITATION (Solid) /वर्षण (ठोस)

🌄🌡✔ ARTIFICIAL RAIN (कृत्रिम वर्षा)

🌄🌡✔ JET STREAM (जेट धारा)

🌄🌡✔ Tri – Cellular Meridianal Circulation (TCMC)

🌄🌡✔ THUNDERSTORM (झंझावत)

🌄🌡✔ AIRMASS (वायुराशि)

🌄🌡✔ Cyclone & Anti-Cyclone

🌄🌡✔ Tropical Cyclone in India

🌄🌡✔ Temperate Cyclone

🌄🌡✔ Tropical Cyclone

🌄🌡✔ Anticyclone (प्रतिचक्रवात)

🌄🌡✔ CLIMATIC BELT AND SUB BELTS

🌄🌡✔ Koppen’s Classification

🌄🌡✔ Thornthwait’s Climatic Classification

🌄🌡✔ Trewartha’s Classification of World Climate

🌄🌡✔ WORLD’S MAJOR CLIMATIC ZONE

🌄🌡✔ WORLD’S MAJOR CLIMATIC ZONE

🌄🌡✔ WORLD’S MAJOR CLIMATIC ZONE

🌄🌡✔ Ground Water (भूमिगत जल)

🌄🌡✔ Hydrological Cycle (जल चक्र)

🌄🌡✔ CLIMATE CHANGE (जलवायु परिवर्तन )

🌄🌡✔ Weather Forecast (मौसम पूर्वानुमान )

🌄🌡✔ Origin & Onset of Indian Monsoon in Hindi

🌄🌡✔ Mechanism of South West Monsoon (Arabian Sea Branch)

🌄🌡✔ Theories Of Monsoon II

🌄🌡✔ Mechanism of South West Monsoon (Bay of Bengal)

🌄🌡✔ Factors Affecting Indian Monsoon

🌄🌡✔ Impact of Monsoon (Recent Trends) मानसून का प्रभाव तथा अभिनव प्रवृत्तियां

🌄🌡✔ Monsoon Retreat (Winter Monsoon)

🌄🌡✔ EL-Nino Effect On Indian Monsoon

🌄🌡✔ EL-Nino & La-Nina Episode

🌄🌡✔ Carbon Di-Oxide (CO2) & Global Warming

🌄🌡✔ Ozone Layer Depletion (ओजोन परत विनाश)

🌄🌡✔ URBAN CLIMATE (नगरीय जलवायु)

🌄🌡✔ APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY (व्यावहारिक जलवायु विज्ञान)

 


🐬Oceanography🐬

Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; Temperature and salinity of the oceans; Heat and salt budgets, Ocean deposits; Waves, currents and tides; Marine resources: biotic, mineral and energy resources; Coral reefs, coral bleaching; sea-level changes; law of the sea and marine pollution.


🚣‍♀️ Subtopics of Oceanography 🚣‍♀️

🚢🌪 ✔ समुद्र विज्ञान (Oceangraphy / Oceanology / Hydrosphere / Hydrology)

🚢🌪 ✔ महासागरों की उत्पत्ति एवं विकास ( Origin and Evolution of Oceans – Paleoceanography)

🚢🌪 ✔ जल विज्ञान ( Hydrology / Hydrosphere)

🚢🌪 ✔ महासागर नितल उच्चावच (OCEAN BOTTOM RELIEF)

🚢🌪 ✔ प्रशांत महासागर के नितल उच्चावच (BOTTOM RELIEF OF PACIFIC OCEAN)

🚢🌪 ✔ अटलांटिक महासागर के नितल उच्चावच (BOTTOM RELIEF OF ATLANTIC OCEAN)

🚢🌪 ✔ हिन्द महासागर की नितल उच्चावच (BOTTOM RELIEF OF INDIAN OCEAN)

🚢🌪 ✔ उच्चतामिति या उच्चतादर्शी वक्र (Hypsometric or Hypsographic Curve)

🚢🌪 ✔ लवणता (Salinity) क्या है | What is Salinity|

🚢🌪 ✔ प्रशांत महासागर की धाराएँ ( Current of Pacific Ocean)

🚢🌪 ✔ अटलांटिक महासागर की धाराएँ (Current of Atlantic Ocean)

🚢🌪 ✔ महासागरीय धाराएँ (OCEANIC CURRENTS)

🚢🌪 ✔ महासागरीय जल का तापमान (Temperature of Oceanic Water)

🚢🌪 ✔ महासागर के जल की गतियाँ (Ocean Water Movement)

🚢🌪 ✔ हिन्द महासागर की धाराएँ (CURRENTS OF INDIAN OCEAN)

🚢🌪 ✔ समुद्र तल में परिवर्तन (SEA- LEVEL CHANGE)

🚢🌪 ✔ ज्वार (TIDE) Meaning, Introduction & Impact

🚢🌪 ✔ महासागरीय निक्षेप (Oceanic Deposits) Meaning, Introduction & Impact

🚢🌪 ✔ प्रवाल निक्षेप ( CORAL DEPOSITS )

🚢🌪 ✔ समुद्र के नियम (Law of The Sea)

🚢🌪 ✔ महासागरीय संसाधन एवं उसके उपयोग (MARINE RESOURCES AND THEIR USE)

🚢🌪 ✔ समुद्री प्रदुषण (MARINE POLLUTION)

🚢🌪 ✔ प्रवाल विरंजन (CORAL BLEACHING)

🚢🌪 ✔ व्यावहारिक महासागरीय विज्ञान (APPLIED OCEANOGRAPHY)

 


🌲 Biogeography 🌲

Genesis of soils; Classification and distribution of soils; Soil profile; Soil erosion, Degradation, and conservation; Factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals; Problems of deforestation and conservation measures; Social forestry; agro-forestry; Wildlife; Major gene pool centers.


🌵 Subtopics of Biogeography 🌵

🌳🍃 ✔ जीव भूगोल (BIOGEOGRAPHY)

🌳🍃 ✔ मृदा उत्पत्ति (Soil Genesis)

🌳🍃 ✔ मृदा के गुण (Soil Properties)

🌳🍃 ✔ मृदा की अम्लता और क्षारीयता (Soil Acidity and Alkalinity)

🌳🍃 ✔ मृदा का वर्गीकरण (Soil Classification)

🌳🍃 ✔ जैविक अनुक्रम (BIOTIC SUCCESSION)

🌳🍃 ✔ वनस्पति और जीवों के वितरण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक

🌳🍃 ✔ मानसून जियोम (Monsoon Biome)

🌳🍃 ✔ सवाना जियोम (Savana Biome)

🌳🍃 ✔ मृदा अपरदन, अवनयन और संरक्षण (SOIL EROSION, DEGRADATION AND CONSERVATION)

🌳🍃 ✔ मृदा परिच्छेदिका (Soil Profile)

🌳🍃 ✔ वन्य जीव और प्रमुख जीन पूल केंद्र (WILD- LIFE AND MAJOR GENE POOL CENTER)

🌳🍃 ✔ विश्व वनस्पति (World Vegetation)

🌳🍃 ✔ वननाशनकी समस्या एवं संरक्षण (PROBLEM OF DEFORESTATION & CONSERVATION)

🌳🍃 ✔ कृषिवानिकी {AGROFORESTRY- (Agro- Silvi- Culture or Tree on Farm)

🌳🍃 ✔ जियोम (BIOME)

 


🧶 Environmental Geography 🧶

Principle of ecology; Human ecological adaptations; Influence of man on ecology and environment; Global and regional ecological changes and imbalances; Ecosystem their management and conservation; Environmental degradation, management, and conservation; Biodiversity and sustainable development; Environmental policy; Environmental hazards and remedial measures; Environmental education and legislation.


🔥 Subtopics of environment  Geography 🔥

🏜 🌅✔  पर्यावरणीय भूगोल (Environmental Geography)

🏜 🌅✔  पारिस्थितिकी के सिद्धांत (Principle Of Ecology)

🏜 🌅✔  ऊर्जा प्रवाह (ENERGY FLOW OR CALORIFIC FLOW)

🏜 🌅✔  जल चक्र (परिसंचरण) | Water Circulation

🏜 🌅✔  (जैव- भू- रसायन चक्र) Bio- Geo- Chemical Cycle

🏜 🌅✔  पर्यावरण, पारिस्थितिकी और पारिस्थितिक तंत्र (Environment, Ecology & Ecosystem)

🏜 🌅✔  Environment, Ecology & Ecosystem |

🏜 🌅✔  पारिस्थितिक तंत्र के प्रकार (Type of Ecosystem)

🏜 🌅✔  भू- आकृतिक प्रक्रियाएँ तथा पारिस्थिक तंत्र (Geomorphic Process and Ecosystem)

🏜 🌅✔  जैविक समुदाय और मिट्टी (Biotic Community and Soil)

🏜 🌅✔  मानव परिस्थितिक अनुकूलन (Human Ecological Adaptation)

🏜 🌅✔  जैव विविधता और सतत विकास (BIO- DIVERSITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT)

🏜 🌅✔  ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD AND REMEDIAL MEASURES

🏜 🌅✔  पर्यावरणीय नीति (Environment Policy)

🏜 🌅✔  पर्यावरणीय शिक्षा ( ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION )

🏜 🌅✔  INFLUENCE OF MAN ON ECOLOGY, GLOBE AND REGIONAL ECOLOGICAL IMBALANCE ECOSYSTEM THEIR MANAGEMENT


🏰 Human Geography 🏰


⚜ Perspectives in Human Geography

Areal differentiation; regional synthesis; Dichotomy and dualism; Environmentalism; Quantitative revolution and locational analysis; radical, behavioral, human and welfare approaches; Languages, religions, and secularization; Cultural regions of the world; Human development index.


Subtopics of environment  Geography

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Areal Differentiation in Geographical Thought

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Dualism In Geographical Thought | Dichotomy in Geography

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Quantitative Revolution in Geographical Thought

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Locational Analysis in Geographical Thought

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Regional Synthesis in Geographical Thought

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Environmentalism

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Paradigms In Geography | Geographical Thought | Kuhn’s Model | Human Geography

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Positivism In Geographical Thought | August Comte’s Principles

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Behaviouralism In Geographical Thought

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Marxism In Geographical Thought

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Radicalism In Geographical Thought

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Structuralism In Geographical Thought

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Humanism In Geographical Thought

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Pragmatism In Geographical Thought

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Existentialism In Geographical Thought |

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Idealism In Geographical Thought

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Realism In Geographical Thought

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Welfare Approach in Geographical Thought

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Feminism In Geographical Thought

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Postmodernism In Geographical Thought

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Time Geography | Torsten Hagerstrand’s Model

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ System Analysis in Human Geography | Systems Approach

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Functionalism In Geographical Thought

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Spatial Organization in Geographical Thought

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Changing Philosophy of Geography and Concept of Space |Future of Geography

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Nature And Scope of Human Geography

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Language, Religion and Secularization

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Cultural Regions of The World

🧠🤷‍♂️ ✔ Human Development Index (Hdi)

 


📊 Economic Geography 📊

World economic development: measurement and problems; World resources and their distribution; Energy crisis; the limits to growth; World agriculture: typology of agricultural regions; agricultural inputs and productivity; Food and nutrition problems; Food security; famine: causes, effects and remedies; World industries: locational patterns and problems; patterns of world trade.


🚊 Subtopics of Economic Geography 🚊

🏭 🪑 ✔ Nature and Scope of Economic Geography

🏭 🪑 ✔ World Economic Development: Measurement and Problems

🏭 🪑 ✔ Factors affecting the location of economic activities-

🏭 🪑 ✔ Primary Activities- Economic Geography-

🏭 🪑 ✔ Secondary Activities (Manufacturing)

🏭 🪑 ✔ Tertiary Activities -Quaternary & Quinary Activities

🏭 🪑 ✔ Manufacturing Regions- Industrial Regions

🏭 🪑 ✔ Special Economic Zones &Technology Parks- Economic Geography


👨‍👩‍👦‍👦 Population and Settlement Geography 👨‍👩‍👦‍👦

Growth and distribution of world population; demographic attributes; Causes and consequences of migration; concepts of the over-under-and optimum population; Population theories, world population problems and policies, Social well-being and quality of life; Population as social capital. Types and patterns of rural settlements; Environmental issues in rural settlements; Hierarchy of urban settlements; Urban morphology: Concepts of primate city and rank-size rule; Functional classification of towns; Sphere of urban influence; Rural-urban fringe; Satellite towns; Problems and remedies of urbanization; Sustainable development of cities.


🪔 Subtopics of Population and Settlement Geography 🪔

👨‍👧‍👧 🏰 ✔ Growth and distribution of world population

👨‍👧‍👧 🏰 ✔ demographic attributes

👨‍👧‍👧 🏰 ✔ Causes and consequences of migration

👨‍👧‍👧 🏰 ✔ concepts of the over-under-and optimum population

👨‍👧‍👧 🏰 ✔ Population theories

👨‍👧‍👧 🏰 ✔ world population problems and policies

👨‍👧‍👧 🏰 ✔ Social well-being and quality of life

👨‍👧‍👧 🏰 ✔ Population as social capital

👨‍👧‍👧 🏰 ✔ Types and patterns of rural settlements

👨‍👧‍👧 🏰 ✔ Environmental issues in rural settlements

👨‍👧‍👧 🏰 ✔ Hierarchy of urban settlements

👨‍👧‍👧 🏰 ✔ Urban morphology

👨‍👧‍👧 🏰 ✔ Concepts of primate city and rank-size rule

👨‍👧‍👧 🏰 ✔ Functional classification of towns

👨‍👧‍👧 🏰 ✔ Sphere of urban influence

👨‍👧‍👧 🏰 ✔ Rural-urban fringe

👨‍👧‍👧 🏰 ✔ Satellite towns

👨‍👧‍👧 🏰 ✔ Problems and remedies of urbanization

👨‍👧‍👧 🏰 ✔ Sustainable development of cities


🧭 Regional Planning 🧭

Concept of a region; Types of regions and methods of regionalization; Growth centers and growth poles; Regional imbalances; regional development strategies; environmental issues in regional planning; Planning for sustainable development.


🏳‍🌈 Subtopics of Population and Settlement Geography 🏳‍🌈

🏗 ☔✔ Concept of a region

🏗 ☔✔ Types of regions and methods of regionalization

🏗 ☔✔ Growth centers and growth poles

🏗 ☔✔ Regional imbalances

🏗 ☔✔ regional development strategies

🏗 ☔✔ environmental issues in regional planning

🏗 ☔✔ Planning for sustainable development


🆕 Models, Theories and Laws in Human Geography 🆕

Systems analysis in Human geography; Malthusian, Marxian and demographic transition models; Central Place theories of Christaller and Losch; Perroux and Boudeville; Von Thunen’s model of agricultural location; Weber’s model of industrial location; Ostov’s model of stages of growth. Heartland and Rimland theories; Laws of international boundaries and frontiers.


🏳‍🌈 Subtopics of Models, Theories and Laws 🏳‍🌈

💯🛄✔ Introduction To Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Contribution Of Pre-Greek And Roman Scholars

💯🛄✔ Greek Scholars

💯🛄✔ Roman Scholars

💯🛄✔ Dark Ages In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Contributions Of Arab Geographers

💯🛄✔ Age Of Discovery And Its Impact On Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Contributions Of Varenius And Kant In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Contributions Of Humboldt And Ritter In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ German School Of Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ French School Of Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ British School Of Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ American School Of Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Contributions Of Indian Scholars In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Dualism In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Areal Differentiation In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Quantitative Revolution In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Locational Analysis In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Regional Synthesis In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Environmentalism

💯🛄✔ Evolution Of Cartography

💯🛄✔ Paradigms In Geography

💯🛄✔ Positivism In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Behaviouralism In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Marxism In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Radicalism In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Structuralism In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Humanism In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Pragmatism In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Existentialism In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Idealism In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Realism In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Welfare Approach In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Feminism In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Postmodernism In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Evolution Of Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Time Geography

💯🛄✔ System Analysis In Human Geography

💯🛄✔ Functionalism In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Spatial Organization In Geographical Thought

💯🛄✔ Changing Philosophy Of Geography And Concept Of Space

💯🛄✔ Nature And Scope Of Human Geography


🚀 Geography Optional Syllabus – Paper-2 🚀


🏳‍🌈 Geography Of India 🏳‍🌈


 


🏰Physical Setting 🏰

Space relationship of India with neighboring countries; Structure and relief; Drainage system and watersheds; Physiographic regions; Mechanism of Indian monsoons and rainfall patterns, Tropical cyclones, and western disturbances; Floods and droughts; Climatic regions; Natural vegetation; Soil types and their distributions.


🏳‍🌈 Subtopics of Physical Setting of Indian Geography  🏳‍🌈

🏷 📌 Space relationship of India with neighboring countries

🏷 📌Structure and relief

🏷 📌Drainage system and watersheds

🏷 📌Physiographic regions

🏷 📌Mechanism of Indian monsoons and rainfall patterns

🏷 📌Tropical cyclones

🏷 📌Western disturbances

🏷 📌Floods and droughts

🏷 📌Climatic regions

🏷 📌Natural vegetation

🏷 📌Soil types and their distributions


🌉 Resources 🌉

Land, surface and groundwater, energy, minerals, biotic and marine resources; Forest and wildlife resources and their conservation; Energy crisis.


🏳‍🌈 Subtopics of Resources of Indian Geography  🏳‍🌈

⛳ ⚖ Land

⛳ ⚖ surface and groundwater

⛳ ⚖ energy

⛳ ⚖ minerals

⛳ ⚖ biotic and marine resources

⛳ ⚖ Forest and wildlife resources and their conservation

⛳ ⚖ Energy crisis.


🥦 Agriculture 🥦

Infrastructure: irrigation, seeds, fertilizers, power; Institutional factors: landholdings, land tenure and land reforms; Cropping pattern, agricultural productivity, agricultural intensity, crop combination, land capability; Agro and social-forestry; Green revolution and its socio-economic and ecological implications; Significance of dry farming; Livestock resources and white revolution; aquaculture; sericulture, apiculture and poultry; agricultural regionalisation; agro-climatic zones; agroecological regions.


🏳‍🌈 Subtopics of Agriculture of Indian Geography  🏳‍🌈

⛳ ⚖ Infrastructure

– irrigation

– seeds

– fertilizers

– power

⛳ ⚖ Institutional factors

– landholdings

– land tenure and land reforms

⛳ ⚖ Cropping pattern

⛳ ⚖ agricultural productivity

⛳ ⚖ agricultural intensity

⛳ ⚖ crop combination

⛳ ⚖ land capability

⛳ ⚖ Agro and social-forestry

⛳ ⚖ Green revolution and its socio-economic and ecological implications

⛳ ⚖ Significance of dry farming

⛳ ⚖ Livestock resources and white revolution

⛳ ⚖ aquaculture

⛳ ⚖ sericulture

⛳ ⚖ apiculture and poultry

⛳ ⚖ agricultural regionalisation

⛳ ⚖ agro-climatic zones

⛳ ⚖ agroecological regions


🚂 Industry 🚂

Evolution of industries: Locational factors of cotton, jute, textile, iron and steel, aluminium, fertilizer, paper, chemical and pharmaceutical, automobile, cottage, and agro-based industries; Industrial houses and complexes including public sector undertakings; Industrial rationalisation; New industrial policies; Multinationals and liberalization; Special Economic Zones; Tourism including eco-tourism.


🏳‍🌈 Subtopics of Industry of Indian Geography  🏳‍🌈

⛳ ⚖ Evolution of industries:

⛳ ⚖ Locational factors of cotton

– jute

– textile

– iron and steel

– aluminium

– fertilizer

– paper

⛳ ⚖ chemical and pharmaceutical

⛳ ⚖ automobile

⛳ ⚖ cottage

⛳ ⚖ agro-based industries

⛳ ⚖ Industrial houses and complexes including public sector undertakings

⛳ ⚖ Industrial rationalisation

⛳ ⚖ New industrial policies

⛳ ⚖ Multinationals and liberalization

⛳ ⚖ Special Economic Zones

⛳ ⚖ Tourism including eco-tourism


🚇Transport, Communication and Trade 🚇

Road, railway, waterway, airway, and pipeline networks and their complementary roles in regional development; Growing importance of ports on national and foreign trade; Trade balance; Trade Policy; Export processing zones; Developments in communication and information technology and their impacts on economy and society; Indian space programme.


🏳‍🌈 Subtopics of Transport, Communication and Trade of Indian Geography  🏳‍🌈

🚗 ✔ Road

🚇✔ railway

🛳 ✔ waterway

✈ ✔ airway

💺 ✔ pipeline networks and their complementary roles in regional development

💺 ✔Growing importance of ports on national and foreign trade

🧫 ✔ Trade balance

🧫 ✔ Trade Policy

🧫 ✔ Export processing zones

🧫 ✔ Developments in communication and information technology and their impacts on economy and society

🧫 ✔ Indian space programme


🌇Cultural Setting 🌇

Historical Perspective of Indian Society: Racial, linguistic and ethnic diversities; religious minorities; major tribes, tribal areas, and their problems; cultural regions; Growth, distribution, and density of population; Demographic attributes: sex-ratio, age structure, literacy rate, work-force, dependency ratio, longevity; migration (inter-regional, intraregional and international) and associated problems; Population problems and policies; Health indicators.


🏳‍🌈 Subtopics of Cultural Setting of Indian Geography  🏳‍🌈

🎢✔ Historical Perspective of Indian Society

🎢✔ Racial

🎢✔ linguistic and ethnic diversities

🎢✔ religious minorities

🎢✔ major tribes

🎢✔ tribal areas and their problems

🎢✔ cultural regions

🎢✔ Growth

🎢✔ distribution

🎢✔ density of population

🎢✔ Demographic attributes

🎢✔ sex-ratio

🎢✔ age structure

🎢✔ literacy rate

🎢✔ work-force

🎢✔ dependency ratio

🎢✔ longevity

🎢✔ migration (inter-regional, intraregional and international) and associated problems

🎢✔ Population problems and policies; Health indicators.


🧭 Settlements 🧭

Types, patterns, and morphology of rural settlements; Urban developments; Morphology of Indian cities; Functional classification of Indian cities; Conurbations and metropolitan regions; urban sprawl; Slums and associated problems; town planning; Problems of urbanization and remedies.


🏳‍🌈 Subtopics of Settlements of Indian Geography  🏳‍🌈

🏔 ✔ Types

🏔 ✔ patterns

🏔 ✔ and morphology of rural settlements

🏔 ✔ Urban developments

🏔 ✔ Morphology of Indian cities

🏔 ✔ Functional classification of Indian cities

🏔 ✔ Conurbations and metropolitan regions

🏔 ✔ urban sprawl

🏔 ✔ Slums and associated problems

🏔 ✔ town planning

🏔 ✔ Problems of urbanization and remedies


🚅 Regional Development and Planning 🚅

Experience of regional planning in India; Five Year Plans; Integrated rural development programs; Panchayati Raj and decentralized planning; Command area development; Watershed management; Planning for the backward area, desert, drought-prone, hill, tribal area development; multi-level planning; Regional planning and development of island territories.


🏳‍🌈 Subtopics of Regional Development and Planning of Indian Geography  🏳‍🌈

🏔 ✔ Experience of regional planning in India

🏔 ✔ Five Year Plans

🏔 ✔ Integrated rural development program

🏔 ✔ Panchayati Raj and decentralized planning

🏔 ✔ Command area development; Watershed management

🏔 ✔ Planning for the backward area

🏔 ✔ desert

🏔 ✔ drought-prone

🏔 ✔ hill

🏔 ✔ tribal area development

🏔 ✔ multi-level planning

🏔 ✔ Regional planning and development of island territories.


⛵ Political Aspects

Geographical basis of Indian federalism; State reorganization; Emergence of new states; Regional consciousness and inter state issues; international boundary of India and related issues; Cross border terrorism; India’s role in world affairs; Geopolitics of South Asia and Indian Ocean realm.


🏳‍🌈 Subtopics of Political Aspects of Indian Geography  🏳‍🌈

🏔 ✔ Geographical basis of Indian federalism

🏔 ✔ State reorganization

🏔 ✔ Emergence of new states

🏔 ✔ Regional consciousness and inter state issues

🏔 ✔ international boundary of India and related issues

🏔 ✔ Cross border terrorism

🏔 ✔ India’s role in world affairs

🏔 ✔ Geopolitics of South Asia and Indian Ocean realm


🥽 Contemporary Issues 🥽

Ecological issues: Environmental hazards: landslides, earthquakes, Tsunamis, floods and droughts, epidemics; Issues relating to environmental pollution; Changes in patterns of land use; Principles of environmental impact assessment and environmental management; Population explosion and food security; Environmental degradation; Deforestation, desertification, and soil erosion; Problems of agrarian and industrial unrest; Regional disparities in economic development; Concept of sustainable growth and development; Environmental awareness; Linkage of rivers; Globalisation and Indian economy.


🏳‍🌈 Subtopics of Contemporary Issues of Indian Geography  🏳‍🌈

🏔 ✔ Ecological issues

🏔 ✔ Environmental hazards

🏔 ✔ landslides

🏔 ✔ earthquakes

🏔 ✔ Tsunamis

🏔 ✔ floods and droughts

🏔 ✔ epidemics

🏔 ✔ Issues relating to environmental pollution

🏔 ✔ Changes in patterns of land use

🏔 ✔ Principles of environmental impact assessment and environmental management

🏔 ✔ Population explosion and food security

🏔 ✔ Environmental degradation

🏔 ✔ Deforestation

🏔 ✔ desertification

🏔 ✔ soil erosion

🏔 ✔ Problems of agrarian and industrial unrest

🏔 ✔ Regional disparities in economic development

🏔 ✔ Concept of sustainable growth and development

🏔 ✔ Environmental awareness

🏔 ✔ Linkage of rivers

🏔 ✔ Globalisation and Indian economy